This study aimed to evaluate the potential antiviral effects of honey extract “Camelyn” against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The baby hamster kidney cell line 21 (BHK-21), bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and splenic cells were used for Camelyn cytotoxicity assay. After the isolation procedures, cell viability was assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion under a microscope using a hemocytometer. The in vitro cell growth rate was carried out using the cell counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) assay. The cells were seeded in growth media with various Camelyn concentrations (35 µg, 50 µg, 70 µg, 100 µg, 150 µg, and 200 µg). The absorbance at 450 nm was determined by the multiplate reader. The antiviral effect was assessed by plaque reduction assay for the determination of drug susceptibility against SARS-CoV-2. Serial dilution of the selected compounds was pre-incubated with 40 to 100 plaque-forming units (PFUs) of SARS-CoV-2. The pre-incubated mix of Camelyn and SARS-CoV-2 was then added to the confluent Vero E6 cells after incubation cells were fixed and stained and the number of PFUs was counted under an inverted microscope and plotted against the logarithm of antiviral concentrations. Our study showed that Camelyn is not cytotoxic, has a stimulatory effect on cell proliferation, and has an inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 with EC50 (half-maximal effective concentration) from 85.7 µg/mL to 192.4 µg/mL depending on product concentration and viral plaque per cell.

In the 21st century, any pandemic, especially, SARS-CoV-2 is a global burden due to high incidence, mortality, and mutation rate. Although several techniques have already been identified to control the pandemic or treat patients and causes of adverse impact on mental health, relatively only, fewer researchers have little concern about finding effective mitigation strategies to improve mental health. Therefore, this study aimed to find some common and unique approaches to manage mental health during a pandemic. Some strategies for the better management of mental health induced by SARS-CoV-2 infections are required for all classes of peoples. Early management is vital, and those must be associated with frontline workers and people staying at home, particularly in isolation centers and already identified as active cases. Experts have pointed out the need to pay specific attention to proper daily life. To manage abnormal mental conditions, such as anxiety, mood, personality, and psychotic disorder during the pandemic; social media, meditation, and psychological motivation with adequate diet, exercise, and sleep have significant roles in regulating some biological mechanism, incredibly immune, hormonal, and neural process. Management of mental health is mandatory for all at the time of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We can consider all of the strategies mentioned above to treat mental health during and after the COVID-19 pandemic condition.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is considered as one of the major bacteria causing urinary tract infection (UTI) affecting millions of people worldwide. UPEC rates of high resistance towards antibiotics have increased dramatically in recent years and made treatment difficult in Bangladesh. The study intended to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli from suspected urinary tract infections in Bangladeshi patients. A single cross-sectional retrospective observation was carried out in the Department of Microbiology at the Popular Diagnostic Centre, Mymensingh city, Bangladesh from August 2019 to August 2020. We collected data on urine culture from diagnostic reports of 4000 patients from which positive urine culture data were analyzed using SPSS software. During the study period, 453 positive urine cultures were identified from 4000 suspected UTI patients. Among them, 300 (66.2%) were female and 153 (33.8%) were male with their mean age of 45.50 (47.94 for male and 44.27 for female). According to the findings, Escherichia coli was the only uropathogenic bacterial species found in the patient’s urine culture. The highest antimicrobial resistance was seen among patients aged between 41 and 50 years. In an antimicrobial susceptibility test, 99% of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 92% were multidrug-resistant (=3 classes).

Accumulating evidence support that aberrant methylation of various cancer-related genes plays an important role in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aims to validate the accuracy of methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) to assess frequency and distribution of GSTP1, CDKN2A, RASSF1A, and WIF1 methylation and analyse their correlation with clinicopathological variables in sporadic adenocarcinomatous CRC. Of the 248 CRC tissues, methylation was identified in 7.7% for GSTP1, 22.2% for CDKN2A, 33.1% for RASSF1A, and 54.4% for WIF1. Hypermethylation of CDKN2A, RASSF1A, and WIF1 was significantly associated with adenocarcinoma (p< 0.001), mucinous adenocarcinoma (p< 0.001), and signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma subtypes (p = 0.017), respectively. Both CDKN2A and WIF1 methylations were more common in stage II (p = 0.012 for CDKN2A and p = 0.010 for WIF1) and absence of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.011 for CDKN2A and p = 0.012 for WIF1) but were less common in stage III (p = 0.016 for CDKN2A and p = 0.010 for WIF1). RASSF1A methylation was associated with moderate differentiation (p = 0.038). These findings suggest that methylation of CDKN2A, RASSF1A, and WIF1 may significantly contribute to CRC pathogenesis and may be considered as valuable biomarkers for accessing the development and progression of particular subtypes of colorectal cancer.

Among the alternative options of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGP) to reduce the antimicrobial resistance, probiotics are the attractive alternative which needs to compare at different doses with AGP on the intestinal health of Japanese quail. For this, a total 75 Japanese quails were equally assigned to five treatment groups having three replicates in each group (n=5). In addition to basal diet (control), four other groups were supplemented by AGP and probiotics at the dose of 0.015 gm/bird, 0.03 gm/bird, and 0.045 gm/bird. The results revealed, 0.03 gm/bird probiotics group had significantly (p<0.05) lower mean on gizzard and intestine relative weights (gm/kg) of 23.68 and 35.61; and the relative length (cm/kg) of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were 51.06, 137.30 and 101.95, respectively. Additionally, the villus height (VH) of jejunum and ileum had significantly (p<0.01) higher mean in 0.03 gm/bird probiotics group of 599.25 and 417.25 µm, respectively. Although, there was a quadratic relationship in VH of jejunum (p<0.001) and ileum (p<0.01), CD (p<0.01) and VH:CD (p<0.05) of duodenum with the probiotics dose, but only VH of jejunum and ileum (p<0.001) showed a linear interaction. The enumeration of intestinal bacteria was lower in AGP group but did not differ significantly (p>0.05) with 0.03 gm/bird probiotics group in which the E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus and TBC mean was 5.160 log10, 4.440 log10, 2.923 log10 and 6.972 log10 CFU/gm, respectively. However, the highest pH was recorded in ileum in each group without any significant differences. In a short of, probiotics are effective substitute to AGP and having the potential effects on intestinal health especially for 0.03 gm/bird.

Cigarette smoking is considered as one of the main factors of developing chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), but very few studies had been performed showing comparative association between different CRDs and cigarette smoking. This study attempts to determine and compare the association of cigarette smoking with different CRDs including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis (CB), and asthma altogether in the context of Bangladesh. This case-control study was conducted among 406 subjects, where 297 were cases of chronic respiratory illness and 109 were controls. The diagnosis of each respiratory diseases (either asthma or CB or COPD) was confirmed by registered physicians. Of 98 COPD patients, 100 CB patients, 99 asthma patients and 109 controls, current smokers were found as 67.3%, 58%, 41.4%, and 33.9%, respectively. Current smokers with Brinkman Index (BI)= 400 were 43.9%, 39.7%, 26.9% and 8.2% for COPD, CB, asthma, and control group, sequentially. Regarding unadjusted association between cigarette smoking and different CRDs, current smokers with BI= 400 had 4.55, 21.75 and 13.14 times significantly higher chances of developing asthma, COPD and CB respectively than non-smokers. Logistic analysis revealed that after adjustment with age, body mass index (BMI) and gender, current smokers with BI= 400 had 6.01, 15.63 and 33.47 times more likelihood of developing asthma, CB, and COPD respectively than non-smokers; and these findings were significant as well. Thus, it can be concluded that cigarette smoking affected COPD more pronouncedly followed by CB and asthma among the study population.

Streptococcus uberis is a predominant causative agent of both clinical and subclinical varieties of bovine mastitis, an economically significant infection affecting dairy industries around the world. Yet, the genetic and evolutionary relationships among S. uberis strains from different countries are poorly understood. In this study, we used S. uberis’s multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method of genotyping to decipher country-wise prevalence of sequence types (STs) and ST complexes and to delineate genetic relationships among them. Dataset collected from PubMLST database for S. uberis was subjected to clonal cluster and phylogenetic analyses using BURST, globally optimized eBURST (goeBURST) and neighborhood joining algorithm tools, respectively. Whereas certain countries showed clear trends of strain prevalence, others had a more equally weighted, diverse population. Occurrence of different severities of disease varied among countries and displayed no direct correlation with ST. Clonal cluster and phylogenetic analyses predicted the ancestral roles of certain prominent STs and indicated possible strain migration and reticulate and convergent evolution occurring within the S. uberis population at a global scale. Furthermore, genome comparison of selected strains revealed the absence of SUB0822-SUB0826 response regulator proteins from ST-5 and ST-6 indicating their preference for contagious transmission. Information generated from this study would be crucial for monitoring infection outbreaks and directing further genomic investigations.

In oil processing industry, large number of oilseed cakes remains after the extraction of oil. Oilseed cakes and meals are the residues would act as valuable feeds for livestock as it is rich in protein. These agricultural residues serve as a major valuable feedstock for cattle and used for the production of value-added products such as biogas, biofuel, biopolymer, antibiotics, enzymes, etc. The usage of oilseed cake as raw material would reduce environmental pollution as well as the production cost. This can be served as a potential solution to overcome nutritional problems in animals by enriching the nutrition using appropriate technologies. As the world moving towards sustainable fuel and chemical synthesis using renewable resources deemed as second-generation biofuel feedstock rather than fossil fuels, these non-edible oilseed cakes are used to produce biofuels with an integrated biorefinery perspective. The oilseed cakes plays vital role in the area of enzyme and fermentation technology. The fermentation process using fungi could act as relatively low-cost appropriate technology for upgrading nutrients in oilseed cakes. Oilseed cakes are rich in fiber and have a high concentration of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) such as cellulose and hemicellulose (Xylan). Lipase and alpha-amylase are the two most essential enzymes produces by the oilseed cake. This review focuses on exploiting the various oilseed cakes and their commercial utilization by implementing various biotechnological approaches.

Recently, Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) has been portrayed as a terrifying threat to cattle in Southeast Asia. A lump like nodules in the external skin and mucous membrane with fever and swollen lymph nodes are the preliminary noticeable clinical signs of this devastating disease. It is commonly an arthropod-borne contagious illness, correspondingly the non-vector spreading through body discharge and infected fomites. The incubation period ranges from one to four weeks leading to viremia. A pronounced socio-economic collapse is driven by reduced quantity and quality of milk, udder infection, thinness, low quality hides, loss of draught power, abortion, infertility, limitation to meat ingestion, higher morbidity, etc. Animals of any age and gender are susceptible to the disease. The morbidity rate varies according to the immune status of animals and frequency of mechanical vectors. Primarily the disease was endemic in most Sub-Saharan regions of Africa, consequently extent to Middle East, Europe, and Asia. In the South-Eastern part of Asia, the disease has first been introduced in Bangladesh in July 2019 followed by China, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Vietnam, Hong Kong and Myanmar. Bangladesh recorded the maximum attack rate in Chattogram whereas at Cuttack in India. Particular vulnerable locations of other countries are yet to be confirmed. There is no epidemiological proceeding considering the present LSD situation report from rest of Asia. Strict quarantine, vector control, and prophylactic vaccine might be the best remedy for limiting the risk factors of the disease. Future studies should be directed towards determining the true burden of LSD on livestock and its potential risk factors with the perspective of geographic distributions.

Persistent hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes and is accountable for the devastating complications, which cause high morbidity and mortality. Conventional anti-diabetic agents are only palliative and characterized with limited efficacy, adverse effects, high costs, inaccessibility, prompting the need for better alternatives. Therefore, we investigated the in vivo hypoglycemic activities, elemental composition, and qualitative phytochemistry of the aqueous leaf extracts of P. zanzibarica and O. europaea subspecies africana as potential sources of affordable, safer, accessible, and potent anti-diabetic therapies. In vivo hypoglycemic activities of the studied plant extracts were evaluated at three dose levels of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight (bw) in Alloxan-induced hyperglycemic Swiss albino mice. The elemental composition of the plant extracts was analyzed using the energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF System) and the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Qualitative phytochemical screening was done following standard procedures. In this study, the aqueous leaf extract of P. zanzibarica, significantly (p<0.05) reduced alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in mice from 163.26±2.24 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 52.12±1.16 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, 166.98±1.56 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 48.90±1.40 mg/dL (at 4th h) at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, and 168.64±2.96 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 42.46±1.80 mg/dL (at 4th h) at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Similarly, the aqueous leaf extract of O. europaea subspecies africana significantly (p<0.05) reduced hyperglycemia from 165.74±3.66 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 65.26±1.46 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, 158.14±3.49 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 53.68±1.48 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, and from 161.66±2.19 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 44.48±1.35 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Furthermore, the extracts contained chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), among other elements, and phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, among others. Generally, the studied plant extracts exhibited significant hypoglycemic efficacy in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice, indicating their antidiabetic potential, and possess pharmacologically active phytochemicals and valuable minerals.

The effects of Cissampelos pareira (Linn), Lantana camara (Linn) and Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) leaf extracts on pain have not been biologically determined despite their frequent traditional use in pain management. The present study evaluated the effects of methanol leaf extracts of these three plants on formalin-induced pain in Swiss albino mice. Leaves of C. pareira, L. camara, and O. gratissimum were harvested, cleaned, shade dried, crushed, extracted in absolute methanol and concentrated to dryness. The quantitative phytochemical screening of the three plant extracts was first carried out. Then, the pain assay tests constituted eight groups of five mice each: normal control group, positive control group, negative control group and experimental groups of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg bw extracts. The animals were administered with various treatments thirty minutes before induction of pain through injection of 0.01 ml of 2.5% formalin solution into the sub-plantar region of the left hind paw. Paracetamol at the dose of 50 mg/kg bw and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide were used as the positive and negative controls respectively. The plant extracts were administered intraperitoneally and orally. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and unpaired t-test. Phytochemical screening on separate extracts of C. pareira, L. camara, and O. gratissimum revealed fatty acids, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids. The different dosages of methanol leave extracts of C. pareira, L. camara, and O. gratissimum reduced pain significantly (p?0.05) in mice. The significant reduction of pain was associated with fatty acids, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids revealed in the plant extracts.

Immunological methods that objectively reflect the lymphogenetic processes in the examined organism are needed to assess the effectiveness of prophylactic or therapeutic agents that modulate regenerative processes in the immune system. Such requirements are met by the cytomorphometric method of analysis of circulating blood lymphocytes, the size (small, medium and large) populations of which reflect their proliferative processes in the lymphoid organs. However, the cytomorphometric characteristics of lymphocytes have species features that have to be determined experimentally. In the model of fecal peritonitis in white non-linear sexually mature male laboratory rats, the limits of statistical size classes of lymphocytes were determined, which were the same in control and experimental animals, namely: small – with a diameter of 8.5 µm and less, medium – with a diameter of more than 8.5 µm and less 11.0 µm, large – with a diameter of 11.0 µm and more. Acute infectious process significantly changed the levels of cytomorphometric classes of lymphocytes according to their functional activity in immunogenesis: small, medium and large size of lymphocytes as 42.5 to 7.0%, 45.0 to 54.0%, 10.5 to 30.0%, respectively, in the control and experimental groups of animals, which demonstrates the informativeness of the method. In this case, small and large lymphocytes belong to the activated lymphocytes, which determine the state of the immune system, while medium lymphocytes mainly make up the pool of memory cells. Based on the ratio of these size classes in the peripheral blood, a conclusion about the proliferative reaction of lymphocytes in the experiment is made, followed by the extrapolation of the results and in clinical practice.

Mushrooms are enriched with a plethora of bioactive molecules that play a vital role in the prevention of human diseases. The balance between ROS generation and cancer growth is one of the main prerequisites for efficient cancer treatment. In this study, to testify the aforesaid theory, five wild edible mushrooms were initially screened based on their anti-proliferative efficiency, and the best mushroom extract was selected for the assessment of their antioxidant potentialities in vitro in various artificially generated free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS+, and by FRAP experiment. The reason behind the antiproliferative potentiality and antioxidant capability of the most potent extract was also correlated by profiling its metabolites through GC-MS analysis. The study reveals, that the methanolic extract of Astraeus hygrometricus is the most potent anti-leukemic extract (IC50 22.7 ±0.23 µg/mL) followed by Serpula sp. (75.7 ±0.44 µg/mL), Phallus sp. (60.53±0.36 µg/mL), Tricholoma sp. (53.76±0.46 µg/mL), Lentinus sp. (58 ±0.13 µg/mL) against the Jurkat cell line with negligible effect on normal PBMC cells isolated from healthy donors. The assessment of the antioxidant profile Astraeus hygrometricus reveals its moderate antioxidant efficacy against several artificially generated free radicals, such as DPPH (76.9±0.16 µg/mL), ABTS+ (142±0.66 µg/mL) and moderate iron chelating efficacy (32.37±2.31µM). The GC-MS analysis of both methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Astraeus hygrometricus have found 53 and 52 compounds respectively, with wide diverse ranges of chemically classified biomolecules such as alkane, alcohol, fatty acid, organic acid, polycyclic and heterocyclic compounds, amino acid, vitamin, and hormone, etc. with a wide array of biological activity such as anticancer and antioxidant potentiality. In conclusion, it can be said that these wild edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus are a repository of novel biomolecules that can be used in the treatment of Leukemia in the future.

Mushrooms are enriched with a plethora of bioactive molecules that play a vital role in the prevention of human diseases. The balance between ROS generation and cancer growth is one of the main prerequisites for efficient cancer treatment. In this study, to testify the aforesaid theory, five wild edible mushrooms were initially screened based on their anti-proliferative efficiency, and the best mushroom extract was selected for the assessment of their antioxidant potentialities in vitro in various artificially generated free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS+, and by FRAP experiment. The reason behind the antiproliferative potentiality and antioxidant capability of the most potent extract was also correlated by profiling its metabolites through GC-MS analysis. The study reveals, that the methanolic extract of Astraeus hygrometricus is the most potent anti-leukemic extract (IC50 22.7 ±0.23 µg/mL) followed by Serpula sp. (75.7 ±0.44 µg/mL), Phallus sp. (60.53±0.36 µg/mL), Tricholoma sp. (53.76±0.46 µg/mL), Lentinus sp. (58 ±0.13 µg/mL) against the Jurkat cell line with negligible effect on normal PBMC cells isolated from healthy donors. The assessment of the antioxidant profile Astraeus hygrometricus reveals its moderate antioxidant efficacy against several artificially generated free radicals, such as DPPH (76.9±0.16 µg/mL), ABTS+ (142±0.66 µg/mL) and moderate iron chelating efficacy (32.37±2.31µM). The GC-MS analysis of both methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Astraeus hygrometricus have found 53 and 52 compounds respectively, with wide diverse ranges of chemically classified biomolecules such as alkane, alcohol, fatty acid, organic acid, polycyclic and heterocyclic compounds, amino acid, vitamin, and hormone, etc. with a wide array of biological activity such as anticancer and antioxidant potentiality. In conclusion, it can be said that these wild edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus are a repository of novel biomolecules that can be used in the treatment of Leukemia in the future.

Oyster mushroom is the second runner-up among commercially produced mushrooms due to its delicious taste, higher nutritional and medicinal properties. The objectives of this study were to determine the nutritional variation through the analysis of obtained nutritional values and to assess the genetic diversity through RAPD marker of five different strains of oyster mushrooms namely Pleurotus cystidiosus (strain: pcys2); Pleurotus djamor (pop1); Pleurotus ostreatus (ws); Pleurotus ostreatus (po3) and Pleurotus geesteranus (pg4). The strains showed variations in moisture, protein, fiber, lipid, ash and carbohydrate content ranged from 86.10-87.33%; 17.8-24.13 gm/100gm; 18.16-25.46 gm/100gm; 3.16-5.16 gm/100gm; 9.16-11.46 gm/100gm; and 35.4-45.33 gm/100gm respectively. In case of genetic diversity, the segregation of five strains of oyster mushrooms were grouped through un-weighted pair group method of arithmetic means average (UPGMA), where strains were grouped into two main clusters and the generated linkage distance was 48. The strains pop1 and po3 were aligned in cluster two (C2) due to their genetic similarity but showed dissimilarities with other strains. Though the strains pcys2, ws, and pg4 were aligned in the same cluster (C1), the strain ws was aligned in a different sub-cluster due to its few dissimilarities with the other two strains. The variation of nutritional values and genetic diversities among the mushroom strains indicates nutritional and genetic variabilities. The findings of current study indicate that, though these mushrooms were genetically dissimilar, all strains were nutritious with high protein and fiber contents with low fat. However, mushroom breeder can consider strain po3 for high protein content, strain ws for high fiber content and strain pop1 for low fat content.

Obesity is a pandemic which adds greatly to health care costs through its association with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of different concentrations of butyric acid on changes of body weight, blood biochemical parameters, and liver histotexture in mice. Total twenty Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups viz Group A, B, C and D. Group A act as control while Group B, Group C and Group D were received 3, 5, and 7 mM/kg body weight butyric acid respectively, throughout the experimental period. On the 60th day, blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical analysis and histopathology respectively. Results showed that body weight increased significantly (p<0.05) in Group C and D compared to control. The total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were significantly higher in Group B (p<0.05) and D (p<0.01) compared to the control group. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased significantly (p<0.05) in Group D whereas no significant changes were found in low density lipoprotein (LDL) level compared to control. The serum glucose was significantly higher in Group B, C (p<0.05) and D(p<0.01) than control group. In histopathological studies, liver of group B showed slight hepatocellular degeneration whereas group C and D showed vacuolation of hepatocytes. From the above findings it can be concluded that higher concentration of butyric acid may cause rise in body weight, the lipid profile and degenerative hepatocellular changes in mice, whereas lower concentration did not make significant changes.